Vigilance and Preparedness: Addressing Zoonotic Influenza Outbreaks

The outbreaks witnessed last year underscore the sobering reality of zoonotic influenza. They highlight that individuals of all ages are susceptible, irrespective of comorbidities, and underscore the various routes of exposure leading to avian influenza infection. Notably, scientists adeptly analyze these viruses, mapping their evolutionary journey within phylogenetic trees.

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Zoonotic Influenza

The diversity of zoonotic influenza viruses causing human infections in 2023 is concerning. Some strains resulted in severe illness with high mortality rates. While in 2023, person-to-person transmission was limited, the potential for change remains, necessitating perpetual pandemic preparedness.

Continuing its commitment, the WHO will bolster surveillance efforts, collaborating with partners to monitor both animal and human populations diligently. Rigorous investigation of every zoonotic infection, coupled with robust pandemic preparedness planning, is imperative to fortify readiness for future influenza pandemics.

Below are summaries of notable avian influenza outbreaks reported to the WHO last year:

Ecuador:
In January 2023, a nine-year-old girl from Bolívar province contracted avian influenza A(H5) virus, marking the first such case in Latin America and the Caribbean. Investigations into the virus were underway.

Cambodia:
February 2023 saw a fatal case of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in an 11-year-old girl. Genetic analysis linked the virus to strains circulating in Southeast Asia since 2014. Further investigations were initiated following a subsequent case involving the girl’s father.

Chile:
March 2023 reported Chile’s first human infection with avian influenza A(H5) virus. The patient, a 53-year-old male, remained in critical condition despite treatment. Genomic sequencing traced the virus to local avian populations.

China:
A 56-year-old female succumbed to avian influenza A(H3N8) virus in March 2023 in Guangdong province, China. The patient had underlying health conditions and a history of poultry exposure.

United Kingdom:
In mid-May, avian influenza A(H5) virus was detected in poultry workers in England. Both cases were asymptomatic and identified through enhanced surveillance measures.

Cambodia (November):
Two cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) were reported in November 2023, originating from the same village in Kampot Province. One case was fatal, while the other remained hospitalized. Both individuals had contact with sick backyard birds.

These incidents underscore the global challenge of zoonotic influenza and the imperative of sustained vigilance and preparedness.